Chapter XI — , ABSOLUTE IDEALISM

DESCARTES: Meditations. Translation by Veitch.

KANT: Critique of Pure Reason. Translation by Max Müller. Critique of Practical Reason.* Translation by Abbott, in Kant's *Theory of Ethics.

FICHTE[437:A]: Science of Ethics. Translation by Kroeger. Popular Works: The Nature of the Scholar*; The Vocation of Man; *The Doctrine of Religion. Translation by Smith.

SCHILLER: Æsthetic Letters, Essays, and Philosophical Letters. Translation by Weiss. (Romanticism.)

HEGEL[437:A]: Ethics. Translation by Sterrett. Logic. Translation, with Introduction, by Wallace. Philosophy of Mind. Translation, with Introduction, by Wallace. Philosophy of Religion. Translation by Spiers and Sanderson. Philosophy of Right. Translation by Dyde.

GREEN, T. H.: Prolegomena to Ethics.

EMERSON: The Conduct of Life--Fate. Essays, First Series--The Over-Soul; Circles.* *Essays, Second Series--The Poet; Experience; Nature. (The appreciation of life consistent with absolute idealism.)

WORDSWORTH: Poems, passim.

COLERIDGE: Aids to Reflection. The Friend.

ROYCE, J.: Spirit of Modern Philosophy. (Sympathetic exposition of Kant, Fichte, Romanticism, and Hegel.) The Conception of God. (The epistemological argument.) The World and the Individual, First Series. (Systematic development of absolute idealism; its moral and religious aspects.)

CAIRD, EDWARD: The Critical Philosophy of Kant. (Exposition and interpretation from stand-point of later idealism.)

EVERETT, C. C.: Fichte's Science of Knowledge.

MCTAGGART, J. M. E.: Studies in Hegelian Dialectic. Studies in Hegelian Cosmology.

FOOTNOTES:

[434:A] For further contemporary writings on this topic, see foot-notes under §§ 199, 200, 203.

[436:A] For histories of philosophy, see supplementary bibliography at end.

[437:A] The Metaphysics of Aristotle, Fichte, and Hegel must be found by the English reader mainly in the secondary sources.

SUPPLEMENTARY BIBLIOGRAPHY ON THE HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY.

I.--GENERAL.

ROGERS: Student's History of Philosophy. (Elementary and clear; copious quotations.)

WEBER: History of Philosophy. Translation by Thilly. (Comprehensive and compact.)

WINDELBAND: A History of Philosophy. Translation by Tufts. (Emphasis upon the problems and their development.)

ERDMANN: History of Philosophy. Translation edited by Hough; in three volumes. (Detailed and accurate exposition.)

UEBERWEG: A History of Philosophy. Translation by Morris and Porter, in two volumes. (Very complete; excellent account of the literature.)

II.--SPECIAL PERIODS.

FERRIER: Lectures on Greek Philosophy. (Excellent introduction.)

MARSHALL: Short History of Greek Philosophy. (Brief and clear.)

WINDELBAND: History of Ancient Philosophy. Translation by Cushman. (Very accurate and scholarly; also brief.)

ZELLER: Pre-Socratic Philosophy. Translation by Alleyne. Socrates and the Socratic Schools. Translation by Reichel. (Full and accurate.)

GOMPERZ: Greek Thinkers. Translated by Magnus, in four volumes. (Very full; especially on Plato. Goes no further than Plato.)

BURNET: Early Greek Philosophy. (Translations of fragments, with commentary.)

FAIRBANKS: The First Philosophers of Greece. (Translations of fragments, with commentary.)

TURNER: History of Philosophy. (Excellent account of Scholastic philosophy.)

ROYCE: The Spirit of Modern Philosophy. (Very illuminating introductory exposition of modern idealism.)

FALCKENBERG: History of Modern Philosophy.

HOEFFDING: History of Modern Philosophy. Translation by Meyer, in two volumes. (Full and good.)

INDEX

ABSOLUTE REALISM, chap. x; general meaning, 306 (note), 400; epistemology of, 339; ethics of, 342; religion of, 346; criticism of, 338, 416.

ABSTRACT, the, 139.

ÆSTHETICS, 189.

ANAXAGORAS, 239; quoted, 162.

ANAXIMANDER, 224.

ANSELM, SAINT, 200.

ANTHROPOMORPHISM, 109.

ATOMISM, 166, 229. Also see under LEUCIPPUS, and DEMOCRITUS.

ATTITUDE, 62.

ATTRIBUTE, in Spinoza, 312 ff.

AUGUSTINE, SAINT, on communion with God, 68; on pietism, 195; his conception of self, 372.

AUTOMATISM, 248.

BAAL, religion of, 88.

BACON, FRANCIS, on thought and action, 430.

BALFOUR, A. J., on materialism, 264.

BEING, Eleatic conception of, 308 ff.

BELIEF, key to definition of religion, 58; general characters applied to religion, 59 ff.; in persons and dispositions, 62; examples of religions, 66 ff.; object of religions, 65, 82, 97; relation to logic, 182, 183.

BERKELEY, on idealism, 176; relation to common-sense, 267; his refutation of material substance, 275 ff.; epistemology of, 277, 296, 369; theory of mathematics, 279; his spiritualism, 280, 284, 292; his conception of God, 284, 293; ethics of, 302; religion of, 304.

BUDDHISM, 78.

CHRISTIANITY, persistence of, 76; essence of, 86; development from Judaism, 94; ethics of, 195, 198, 386; idea of God in, 200 ff., 205; emphasis on self-consciousness in, 372.

CONTEMPLATION, 428.

CONVERSION, 69 ff.

CORPOREAL BEING, 224; processes of, 225; Berkeley's critique of, 278; historical conceptions of, 229.

COSMOLOGICAL PROOF, the, of God, 203.

COSMOLOGY, general meaning of, 159; mechanism in, 161, 225; teleology in, 161.

COSMOS, origin of, 242.

CRITICAL METHOD, 319 ff.

CYNICISM, 259.

CYRENAICISM, 259.

DANTE, as philosopher-poet, 42 ff.; general meaning of the Divine Comedy, 43; and Thomas Aquinas, 43, 46; his vision of the ways of God, 46; on contemplation, 428.

DEMOCRITUS, 247. Also see ATOMISM.

DESCARTES, on function of philosophy, 154; dualism of, 272, 412; his theory of space and matter, 229; automatism of, 248; epistemology of, 341, 375; his conception of self, 374.

DESCRIPTION, as method of science, 128.

DIALECTIC, in Plato, 320; in Hegel, 361.

DIOGENES, 259.

DOGMATISM, 167.

DUALISM, general meaning, 162; of Descartes, 272, 412.

ECLECTICISM, contemporary, 398 ff., 413.

ELEATICS. See under PARMENIDES, and ZENO.

EMERSON, on spirit, 359; on nature, 364; on absolute, 392; on necessity, 393; on faith, 424.

EMPIRICISM, general meaning, 168; in logic, 187; in naturalism, 252 ff.; of Locke, 274; of Berkeley, 274 ff.

ENERGY, development of, conception of, 236 ff.

ETERNAL, the, 309.

ETHICS, relation to metaphysics, 151, 196 ff., 360; its origin in Socratic method, 181; definition of, 191; special problems and theories in, 191 ff.; of Socrates, 192, 194; of Aristotle, 195, 345; of naturalism, 258 ff.; of subjectivism, 298 ff.; of Schopenhauer, 299; argument for God from, 203; individualism in, 301; pluralism in, 302, 421; of Stoics and Spinoza, 342; Platonic, 342; of Kant, 386; of absolute idealism, 388.

EUDÆMONISM, 195.

EVOLUTION, of cosmos, 242 ff.; of morality, 262.

FAITH, 424; special interests of, 199. See also RELIGION and BELIEF.

FERGUSON, CHAS., quoted, 265.

FIELDING, H., quoted on religion, 59, 74.

FORCE, development of conception of, 231 ff.

FORM, in Aristotle, 334.

FREEDOM, in ethics, 196, 388; meanings and theories, 211.

GOD, as guarantee of ideals, 18, 425; personality of, 62, 108 ff.; St. Augustine's communion with, 68; presence of, 68; as a disposition from which consequences may be expected, 85; meaning of, in religion, 87; idea of, in Judaism and Christianity, 92; why historical, 102; social relation with, 103; the ontological proof of, 200; ethical and epistemological arguments for, 202; cosmological proof of, 203; teleological proof of, 204; relation to the world, in theism, pantheism and deism, 205 ff.; will of, 212; conception of, in Berkeley, 284, 293 ff.; conception and proof of, in Spinoza, 312 ff., 392, 393; conception of, in Plato, 331, 352, 391, 393; conception of, in Leibniz, 338, 353. Also see ABSOLUTE.

GOETHE, on Spinoza, and on philosophy, 51; on pragmatism, 407.

GOOD, the, theories of, in ethics, 191 ff.; and the real, 326 ff., 421 ff.

GREEK, religion, in Homer and Lucretius, 89; ideals, 195, 198, 429.

HEDONISM, 192.

HEGEL, on science, 129; philosophy of, 150, 361 ff.; relation to Kant, 381; on the absolute, 382; ethics of, 390.

HERACLITUS, 308.

HISTORY, philosophy of, in Hegel, 363.

HOBBES, his misconception of relations of philosophy and science, 115; quoted on ethics, 261.

HOMER, on Greek religion, 90.

HUME, positivism of, 115, 377; phenomenalism of, 283; and Descartes, 376.

HYLOZOISM, 225.

IDEAL, the, in Plato, 326; validity of, 416.

IDEALISM, various meanings of term, 173 (note); meaning of, as theory of knowledge, 175 ff., 409; of present day, 409 ff.; empirical, see SUBJECTIVISM, PHENOMENALISM, SPIRITUALISM; absolute, see ABSOLUTE IDEALISM.

IDEALS, in life, 10 ff.; adoption of, 17 ff.

IDEAS, the, in Plato, 329.

IMAGINATION, in poetry, 99; place of, in religion, 80, 97 ff.; special functions of, in religion, 101 ff.; scope of, in religion, 105 ff.; and the personality of God, 110.

IMITATIO CHRISTI, quoted, 68.

IMMANENCE THEORY, 412, 413.

IMMORTALITY, 212.

INTUITIONISM, in ethics, 196.

JAMES, WILLIAM, quoted on religion, 65, 71, 305.

JUDAISM, development of, 92; and Christianity, 94.

KANT, his transcendentalism, 177, 356; his critique of knowledge, 354 ff., 377 ff.; and absolute idealism, 380; ethics of, 386.

KEPLER, quoted, 129.

KNOWLEDGE, of the means in life, 8; of the end, 10; in poetry, 27 ff.; in religion, 82, 85, 97, 105; general theory of, on epistemology, 164 ff.; problem of source and criterion of, 168 ff.; problem of relation to its object, 172 ff., 277, 340, 351, 368 ff.; relation of logic to, 183 ff.; account of, in naturalism, 253 ff. Also see EPISTEMOLOGY.

LA METTRIE, quoted, 250.

LEIBNIZ, on function of philosophy, 155; philosophy of, 333, 336 ff.; epistemology of, 339.

LEUCIPPUS, quoted, 161.

LIFE, as a starting-point for thought, 3; definition of, 5 ff.; and self-consciousness, 6; philosophy of 17 ff., 153; mechanical theory of, 244 ff.; return of philosophy to, 427 ff.; contemplation in, 428.

LOCKE, epistemology of, 273.

LOGIC, origin in Socratic method, 181; affiliations of, 182, 188; definition of, 183; parts of formal, 184 ff.; present tendencies in, 187 ff.; algebra of, 189.

LUCRETIUS, his criticism of Greek religion, quoted, 89 ff.; on mechanism, 226, 240.

MCTAGGART, J. M. E., on Hegel, 367; on the absolute, 391.

MACH, E., 283; on philosophy and science, 120.

MALEBRANCHE, 376.

MARCUS AURELIUS, 348.

MATHEMATICS, importance in science, 132; logic in, 188; Berkeley's conception of, 279; Plato's conception of, 329, 335; Spinoza's conception of, 311, 335.

MATTER, 225, 228; and space, 229; Berkeley's refutation of, 275 ff.; in Plato and Aristotle, 334.

MECHANICAL THEORY, practical significance of its extension to the world at large, 20; in cosmology, 161, 225; of Descartes, 231; of Newton 232; of origin of cosmos, 242; of life, 244; in Spinoza, 336.

METAPHYSICS, relation to epistemology, 150; relation to ethics, 151, 196 ff.; definition of, 158; relation to logic, 188; relation to theology, 207; present tendencies in, 399 ff., 408.

MODE, in Spinoza, 313.

MONADS, in Leibniz, 338.

MORALITY, and religion, 73; grounds of, according to Kant, 356; incentive to, 422.

MYSTICISM, general account, 171; Schopenhauer's, 290; types of religions, 391.

NATURAL SCIENCE, true relations of, with philosophy, 116; sphere of, with reference to philosophy, 117 ff.; philosophy of, its procedure, 121, 135, 142, 154, 401; origin of, as special interest, 123 ff.; human value of, 126, 127, 143; method and fundamental conceptions of, 406, 128 ff.; general development of, 134; limits of, because abstract, 136 ff., 414; validity of, 142; logic and, 188; development of conceptions in, 229 ff.; grounds of, according to Kant, 355, 377; Hume on, 377; permanence and progress in, 395 ff.

NATURAL SELECTION, 204, 245.

NATURALISM, chap. viii; general meaning, 217, 223 (note), 399; claims of, 239; task of, 241; criticism of, 117, 257, 263; of present day, 405, 412. Also see under MATERIALISM, and POSITIVISM.

NATURE, 160, 244, 337; in Berkeley, 294; in Spinoza, 317, 338; in Hegel, 363; in Kant, 377 ff.; in contemporary philosophy, 401. Also see NATURAL SCIENCE, and NATURALISM.

NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS, 242.

NECESSITY, of will, 211; ethics of, 342; religion of, 393.

NEO-KANTIANS, 403.

NORMATIVE SCIENCES, the, 180.

OMAR KHAYYAM, quoted, 16; as a philosopher-poet, 36.

ONTOLOGICAL PROOF, of God, 200.

ONTOLOGY, 159.

PANTHEISM, in primitive religion, 78; general meaning, 205; types of, 390.

PARKER, THEODORE, quoted on religion, 67.

PARMENIDES, and rationalism, 168; philosophy of, 308 ff., 337; and Aristotle, 336.

PATER, WALTER, on Wordsworth, 38; on Cyrenaicism, 260; on subjectivism, 270.

PAULSEN, FRIEDRICH, ethics of, quoted, 302.

PEARSON, KARL, quoted, 230.

PERCEPTION. See SENSE-PERCEPTION.

PERSONAL IDEALISM, 404, 405.

PERSONALITY, of God, important in understanding of religion, 62; essential to religion? 108 ff.

PERSONS, description of belief in, 62; imagination of, 101, 110.

PHENOMENALISM, general meaning, 176, 267 (note); of Berkeley, 272, 275 ff.; of Hume, 283; various tendencies in, 281.

PHILOSOPHER, the practical man and the, chap. i; the rôle of the, 306, 426.

PHILOSOPHY, commonly misconceived, 3; of the devotee, 13; of the man of affairs, 14; of the voluptuary, 16; of life, its general meaning, 17 ff., 153; its relations with poetry, chap. ii, 112; lack of, in Shakespeare, 33; as expression of personality, 33; as premature, 33; in poetry of Omar Khayyam, 36; in poetry of Wordsworth, 38 ff.; in poetry of Dante, 42 ff.; difference between philosophy and poetry, 48 ff.; in religion, 108 ff.; compared with religion, 112; true attitude of, toward science, 116; sphere of, in relation to science, 117, 395 ff.; procedure of, with reference to science, 121, 135, 142, 154, 160; human value of, 143, 426 ff.; can its problem be divided? 149, 155; origin of, 157; special problems of, chap. vi, vii; and psychology, 216; peculiar object of, 308; self-criticism in, 319 ff., 325; permanence and progress in, 395 ff.; contemporary, 398 ff.

PHYSICAL. See CORPOREAL BEING, MATERIALISM, etc.

PHYSIOLOGY, 246.

PIETY, description and interpretation of, 72; in ethics, 195.

POETRY, relations with philosophy, chap. ii; as appreciation, 25; virtue of sincerity in, 27; the "barbarian" in, 28; constructive knowledge in, 30; difference between philosophy and, 48 ff.

POSITIVISM, on relation of philosophy and science, 115, 122; general meaning of, 168, 234, 252 ff., 412.

PRACTICAL KNOWLEDGE, of means, 8 ff.; of end or purpose, 10 ff.; implied in religion, 85, 97; philosophy as, 153.

PRACTICAL MAN, the, and the philosopher, chap. i; his failure to understand philosophy, 3; his ideal, 14; virtually a philosopher, 22.

PREDICTION, in science, 130.

PRESENT DAY, philosophy of the, 398 ff.

PROTAGORAS, scepticism of, 166, 271; subjectivism of, 269; ethics of, 298.

PSYCHOLOGY, of religion, 58, 82; inadequate to religion, 82; as branch of philosophy, 208 ff., 216; as natural science, 213; affiliations of, 215; limits of, 415.

PSYCHO-PHYSICAL PARALLELISM, 215, 252.

PURPOSE, in life, 10 ff.; adoption of life-purpose, 17 ff.; practical significance of, in the world at large, 20. Also see TELEOLOGY, IDEAL, etc.

QUALITIES, primary and secondary, 254, 274, 277.

RATIONALISM, general meaning, 168, 416; in logic, 180, 184; in ethics, 193; of eleatics, 310; of Spinoza, 311; in absolute realism, 339; criticism of, 418.

REALISM, various meanings of term, 173 (note); meaning of, as theory of knowledge, 172; of Parmenides, 308 ff.; of Plato and Aristotle, 341; of present day, 409 ff.

REASON, 370. See RATIONALISM.

RELIGION, chaps. iii, iv; relation to poetry and philosophy, 49, 52; difficulty of defining, 53; possibility of defining, 54; profitableness of defining, 54; true method of defining, 56; misconceptions of, 56; as possessing the psychological character of belief, 59 ff.; degree of, in individuals and moods, 60, 61; definition of, as belief in disposition of universe, 64 ff., 82; and morality, 73; symbolism in, 75; prophet and preacher of, 75; conveyance of, 76; primitive, 77; Buddhism, 78; the critical or enlightened type of, 80; means to be true, 82 ff.; implies a practical truth, 85; cases of truth and error in, 88 ff.; of Baal, 88; Greek, 89; of Jews, its development, 92; Christian, 94; definition of cognitive factor in, 97; place of imagination in, 80, 97 ff.; special functions of imagination in, 101 ff.; relation of imagination and truth in, 105; philosophy implied in, 108 ff.; is personal god essential to, 108; compared with philosophy, 112; compared with science, 145; special philosophical problems of, 199 ff.; of naturalism, 263 ff.; of subjectivism and spiritualism, 302 ff.; of Plato and Aristotle, 346, 393; of Stoics and Spinoza, 348, 393; philosophy of, in Hegel, 365; of absolute idealism, 390 ff.

RELIGIOUS PHENOMENA, interpretation of, 69 ff.

REPRESENTATIVE THEORY, of knowledge, 174, 412.

ROMANTICISM, 361.

ROUSSEAU, quoted on nature, 64.

ROYCE, JOSIAH, quoted on absolute idealism, 178, 384, 394.

SANTAYANA, GEORGE, quoted on poetry 28, 29.

SCEPTICISM, 166, 267 ff. See under POSITIVISM, and AGNOSTICISM.

SCHELLING, misconception of science, 116.

SCHOLASTICISM, 333; idea of God in, 201.

SCHOPENHAUER, his panpsychism or voluntarism, 177, 285 ff.; universalizes subjectivism, 290; mysticism of, 290; ethics of, 299; religion of, 303.

SCIENCE. Also see under NATURAL SCIENCE, and NORMATIVE SCIENCE.

SECULARISM, of Shakespeare, 34; of Periclean Age, 320; of present age, 427.

SELF, problem of, 216; proof of, in St. Augustine, 372; proof of, in Descartes, 374; deeper moral of, 387; in contemporary philosophy, 411, 413. Also see SOUL, and MIND.

SELF-CONSCIOUSNESS, essential to human life, 6; development of conception of, 371 ff.; in absolute idealism, 383; in idealistic ethics, 386.

SHAKESPEARE, general criticism of, 30 ff.; his universality, 31; lack of philosophy in, 33.

SHELLEY, quoted on poetry, 50.

SOCIAL RELATIONS, belief inspired by, analogue of religion, 62; imagination of, extended to God, 101.

SOCRATES, rationalism of, 169; and normative science, 180; ethics of, 192, 194; method of, 321 ff.

SOUL, the, in Aristotle, 208; in Plato, 209; as substance, 209; intellectualism and voluntarism in theory of, 210; immortality of, 212; Berkeley's theory of, 284. Also see under MIND, and SELF.

SPACE, importance in science, 130; and matter, 229.

SPINOZA, and Goethe, 51; quoted on philosophy and life, 153; philosophy of, 306, 311 ff.; criticism and estimate of, 315 ff.; and Plato, 318, 335; and Aristotle, 336; epistemology of, 339; ethics of, 342; religion of, 348, 392, 393.

SPIRIT, the absolute, 358 ff.

SPIRITUALISM, general meaning, 176, 267 (note); in Berkeley, 280, 292; in Schopenhauer, 285; criticism of, 288; objective, 292.

STEVENSON, R. L., quoted on religion, 67.

STOICISM, ethics of, 342; religion of, 348.

SUBJECTIVISM, chap. ix; general meaning, 175, 218, 267 (note), 415; in æsthetics, 190; of Berkeley, 275 ff.; universalization of, in Schopenhauer, 290; criticism of, 297, 415; ethics of, 298 ff.; in absolute idealism, 368; of present day, 409.

SUBSTANCE, spiritual, 209, 284; material, Berkeley's refutation of, 275 ff.; Spinoza's conception of, 311; the infinite, in Spinoza, 312; Aristotle's conception of, 334; Leibniz's conception of, 338.

SYMBOLISM, in religion, 75.

TELEOLOGY, in cosmology, 161; proof of God from, 204; Spinoza on, 318; in Plato, 326 ff., 336; in Aristotle, 336.

THEOLOGY, relation to religion, 98; in philosophy, 199 ff.; relation to metaphysics, 207.

THOMSON, J., quoted, 104.

THOUGHT, and life, 6 ff.; as being, in Hegel, 361 ff.

THUCYDIDES, on thought and action, 429.

TIME, importance in science, 130.

TRANSCENDENTALISM, 177, 349 (note), 356. See IDEALISM, absolute.

UNIVERSAL, scientific knowledge as, 125, 139.

UNIVERSE, the, as object of religious reaction, 64; common object of philosophy and religion, 112; as collective, 419.

UTILITARIANISM, 261.

VOLUNTARISM, in psychology, 210; in Schopenhauer, 285.

WHITMAN, WALT, 27 ff.

WILL, in psychology, 210; freedom and determination of, 211; in Schopenhauer, 177; as cause, in Berkeley, 293 ff.; in pragmatism, 407.

WORDSWORTH, as philosopher-poet, 38 ff.; his sense for the universal, 40; quoted on poetry and philosophy, 48, 50.

Ellipses match the original.

Numbers in {braces} are subscripted in the original.

Variations in spelling have been left as in the original. Examples include the following:

co-ordinated coördinated Kuelpe Külpe's Muensterberg Münsterberg Nirvana Nirvâna Phaedo Phædo pre-eminent preëminent pre-eminently preëminently reenforcement reënforce role rôle Theaetetus Theætetus

The word Phoenix uses an oe ligature in the original.

The following corrections have been made to the text:

Page xv: CHAPTER VI. METAPHYSICS AND EPISTEMOLOGY{original has EPISTOMOLOGY}

Page 70: The psychology{original has pyschology} of conversion

Page 93: him who practices{original has practises} the social virtues

Page 165: reality have resulted in no consensus{original has concensus} of opinion

Page 196: but in a law to which it{original has its} owes obedience

Page 261: 'justice,' 'gratitude,' '{quotation mark missing in original}modesty,'

Page 283: retained after their original{original has orignal} meaning

Page 288: nothing but the highest development{original has devolpment} on our earth

Page 325: philosopher who defined being as{original has a} the ideal

Page 405: Henri Bergson: Essai{original has Essoi} sur les données immédiates de la conscience

Page 434: THOMAS À{original has Á} KEMPIS: Imitation of Christ.

Page 436: HUXLEY, T. H.: Evolution and Ethics; Prolegomena.{original has Prologomena}

[51:11] Vol. I, p. 60.{period is missing in original}

[199:14] religion in these matters, cf.{original has Cf.} Descartes:

[287:16] Translation by Haldane and Kemp{original has Komp}