Comma for either/or — dharma, courage. Spelling forgiving — corage finds courage.

    astronomy · 7th century · 4 crossings

    Brahmasphutasiddhanta

    ब्राह्मस्फुटसिद्धान्तBrāhmasphuṭasiddhānta

    Brahmagupta's treatise of 628: planetary astronomy, and the first surviving systematic arithmetic of zero and negative numbers. Its school's methods reached Baghdad with an Indian embassy and became the Arabic Sindhind tradition.

    The chain

    628 Sanskrit original
    1. c. 771–775 Sanskrit Arabic adaptation probable

      Zīj al-Sindhind al-kabīr

      translated by al-Fazari and Yaqub ibn Tariq commissioned by al-Mansur in Baghdad

      An Indian embassy reached al-Mansur's court in 771 or 773 with an astronomer in its party. The Arabic Sindhind made from his text mixes Indian parameters with Persian and Greek material; the Sanskrit source was probably a sibling text of Brahmagupta's school rather than the Brahmasphutasiddhanta itself.

      1. c. 820 Arabic Arabic adaptation attested

        Zīj al-Sindhind

        written by al-Khwarizmi in Baghdad

        Al-Khwarizmi's own tables in the Sindhind tradition, drawn up under al-Ma'mun. The Arabic original is lost.

        1. c. 1000 Arabic Arabic revision attested

          revised by Maslama al-Majriti and Ibn al-Saffar in Cordoba

          Recomputed for the meridian of Cordoba and the Islamic calendar, around the turn of the millennium. This Andalusi recension is the only form in which al-Khwarizmi's tables survived.

          1. 1126 Arabic Latin translation probable

            translated by Adelard of Bath

            Manuscript-dated to 1126, one family precisely to 26 January. The attribution reads 'presumably Adelard': two manuscripts intersperse chapters by Petrus Alfonsi, and a version of the tables is keyed to 1116, suggesting an earlier attempt he revised.

            • Mercier 1987 the 1126 dating and the Petrus Alfonsi precursor question