Comma for either/or — dharma, courage. Spelling forgiving — corage finds courage.

    mathematics · 9th century · 2 crossings

    Algebra

    الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلةal-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa-l-muqābala

    Al-Khwarizmi's compendium on solving equations by completion and balancing, written in Baghdad with al-Ma'mun's encouragement. The discipline it founded still carries the first noun of its title: al-jabr, algebra.

    The chain

    c. 813–833 Arabic original
    1. 1145 Arabic Latin translation attested

      translated by Robert of Chester in Segovia

      The first Latin algebra, finished at Segovia in 'era 1183' of the Spanish calendar, which converts to 1145. The familiar title Liber algebrae et almucabola comes from a 1915 edition based on late copies, not from Robert's manuscripts.

    2. c. 1150–1187 Arabic Latin translation attested

      translated by Gerard of Cremona in Toledo

      Gerard's independent translation, undated in the manuscripts, made in Toledo before his death in 1187. It circulated alongside Robert's and was the version most algebraists used.