Toledo, Spain
Toledo
Taken by Castile in 1085 with its Arabic libraries intact. For the next century it was Europe's translation office: Gerard of Cremona alone turned more than seventy Arabic works into Latin here, usually with local Mozarab and Jewish collaborators.
Crossings made here
- c. 1140–1175 Almagest , Arabic Latin · Gerard of Cremona attested
- c. 1150–1187 Elements , Arabic Latin · Gerard of Cremona attested
- c. 1150–1187 Algebra , Arabic Latin · Gerard of Cremona attested
- c. 1150–1187 Canon of Medicine , Arabic Latin · Gerard of Cremona attested
- c. 1162–1180 Aims of the Philosophers , Arabic Latin · Dominicus Gundissalinus, Magister Iohannes attested