Falsafa

Comma for either/or — dharma, courage. Spelling forgiving — corage finds courage.

    medicine · 4th century BCE · 2 crossings

    Aphorisms

    ἈφορισμοίAphorismoi

    Hippocrates, in Greek

    The most memorized text of ancient medicine, beginning with the most famous sentence in it: life is short, the art long. Medical students recited it in Greek, Syriac, Arabic, Hebrew and Latin for over two thousand years.

    The chain

    c. 400 BCE Greek original

    written by Hippocrates

    1. c. 840–873 Greek Arabic translation attested

      الفصولKitāb al-Fuṣūl

      translated by Hunayn ibn Ishaq in Baghdad

      Made from the Greek through Hunayn's own Syriac, and carried as the lemmata of his translation of Galen's commentary, which is how the freestanding Arabic text circulated.

      1. c. 1077–1098 Arabic Latin translation attested

        translated by Constantine the African in Monte Cassino

        Translated with Galen's commentary during Constantine's Monte Cassino years. It displaced the late antique Latin version that had circulated since Ravenna, entered the Articella, and gave Salerno's practical school its theoretical backbone.