Falsafa

Comma for either/or — dharma, courage. Spelling forgiving — corage finds courage.

    philosophy · 4th century BCE · 3 crossings

    Nicomachean Ethics

    Ἠθικὰ ΝικομάχειαEthika Nikomacheia

    Aristotle, in Greek

    Aristotle's lectures on the good life, which entered Arabic in the Hunayn workshop's orbit and reached complete Latin through a bishop of Lincoln.

    The chain

    c. 340 BCE Greek original

    written by Aristotle in Athens

    1. c. 870–910 Greek Arabic translation probable

      translated by Ishaq ibn Hunayn and Ustath in Baghdad

      The Arabic Ethics survives in one Fez manuscript whose credits are composite: Books I-IV are Ishaq ibn Hunayn's, Books V-X belong to the earlier Ustath of al-Kindi's circle. The existence is attested; the seams are what scholarship keeps relitigating.

    2. c. 1246–1247 Greek Latin translation attested

      translated by Robert Grosseteste in Oxford

      The first complete Latin Ethics to survive and circulate, made from the Greek with a team of helpers and accompanying Greek commentaries: a bishop running a translation workshop between diocesan duties. A Toledo rival saluted him in a preface as 'Robert of the Big Head but the exquisite intellect'.

    3. 1926 Greek English translation attested

      translated by Harris Rackham in London

      The Loeb English; the text carried in this library.