Falsafa

Comma for either/or — dharma, courage. Spelling forgiving — corage finds courage.

    Timeline

    Twenty-one centuries of carrying

    Each lane is one book. The hollow dot is its composition; every filled dot is a crossing into a new language, placed at its earliest defensible date. Hover any dot for a short label; every chain is written out in full on its work page, linked from the lane.

    • Greek
    • Sanskrit
    • Middle Persian
    • Syriac
    • Arabic
    • Hebrew
    • Latin
    • Castilian
    • Dutch
    • English
    • French
    • German
    • Urdu
    400 BCE 200 BCE 1 CE 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 Iliad Iliad: composed in Greek, c. 750 BCE c. 1360–1362: into Latin, Leontius Pilatus [attested] 1598–1611: into English, George Chapman [attested] 1715–1720: into English, Alexander Pope [attested] 1898: into English, Samuel Butler [attested] Odyssey Odyssey: composed in Greek, c. 725 BCE c. 1360–1362: into Latin, Leontius Pilatus [attested] 1614–1615: into English, George Chapman [attested] 1725–1726: into English, Alexander Pope [attested] 1900: into English, Samuel Butler [attested] The Histories The Histories: composed in Greek, c. 430 BCE c. 1452–1457: into Latin, Lorenzo Valla [attested] 1920–1925: into English, A. D. Godley [attested] History of the Peloponnesian War History of the Peloponnesian War: composed in Greek, c. 410 BCE–400 BCE c. 1448–1452: into Latin, Lorenzo Valla [attested] 1629: into English, Thomas Hobbes [attested] 1848–1849: into English, Henry Dale [attested] Aphorisms Aphorisms: composed in Greek, c. 400 BCE c. 840–873: into Arabic, Hunayn ibn Ishaq [attested] c. 1077–1098: into Latin, Constantine the African [attested] Republic Republic: composed in Greek, c. 380 BCE–370 BCE c. 1469–1484: into Latin, Marsilio Ficino [attested] 1871: into English, Benjamin Jowett [attested] 1930–1935: into English, Paul Shorey [attested] On the Soul On the Soul: composed in Greek, c. 350 BCE c. 870–900: into Arabic, Ishaq ibn Hunayn [attested] c. 1186: into Arabic, Ibn Rushd [attested] c. 1220–1224: into Latin, Michael Scot [probable] 1284: into Hebrew, Zerahyah ben Isaac Hen [attested] Topics Topics: composed in Greek, c. 350 BCE c. 660–687: into Syriac, Athanasius of Balad [attested] c. 782: into Arabic, Timothy I, Abu Nuh al-Anbari [attested] Nicomachean Ethics Nicomachean Ethics: composed in Greek, c. 340 BCE c. 870–910: into Arabic, Ishaq ibn Hunayn, Ustath [probable] c. 1246–1247: into Latin, Robert Grosseteste [attested] 1926: into English, Harris Rackham [attested] Elements Elements: composed in Greek, c. 300 BCE c. 786–805: into Arabic, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn Matar [attested] c. 813–833: into Arabic, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn Matar [attested] c. 875–900: into Arabic, Ishaq ibn Hunayn [attested] c. 880–901: into Arabic, Thabit ibn Qurra [attested] c. 1120: into Latin, Adelard of Bath [attested] c. 1150–1187: into Latin, Gerard of Cremona [attested] c. 1255–1261: into Latin, Campanus of Novara [attested] 1482: into Latin, Erhard Ratdolt [attested] Manusmriti Manusmriti: composed in Sanskrit, c. 200 BCE–200 CE 1794: into English, William Jones [attested] 1886: into English, Georg Buhler [attested] De Rerum Natura De Rerum Natura: composed in Latin, c. 55 BCE 1682: into English, Thomas Creech [attested] 1916: into English, William Ellery Leonard [attested] Aeneid Aeneid: composed in Latin, 29 BCE–19 BCE 1697: into English, John Dryden [attested] 1910: into English, Theodore C. Williams [attested] De Materia Medica De Materia Medica: composed in Greek, c. 50–70 c. 847–861: into Arabic, Istifan ibn Basil, Hunayn ibn Ishaq [attested] c. 951–962: into Arabic, Nicholas the monk [attested] Almagest Almagest: composed in Greek, c. 150 827–828: into Arabic, al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf ibn Matar [attested] c. 879–890: into Arabic, Ishaq ibn Hunayn [attested] c. 890–901: into Arabic, Thabit ibn Qurra [attested] c. 1140–1175: into Latin, Gerard of Cremona [attested] On Simple Drugs On Simple Drugs: composed in Greek, c. 170–200 c. 500–536: into Syriac, Sergius of Reshaina [attested] c. 840–873: into Syriac, Hunayn ibn Ishaq [attested] c. 845–875: into Arabic, Hunayn ibn Ishaq, Hubaysh ibn al-Hasan [probable] Enneads Enneads: composed in Greek, 253–270 c. 300–305: into Greek, Porphyry [attested] c. 833–842: into Arabic, Ibn Na'ima al-Himsi, al-Kindi [attested] Panchatantra Panchatantra: composed in Sanskrit, c. 300 c. 550–570: into Middle Persian, Burzoy [attested] c. 570: into Syriac, Bud the periodeutes [attested] c. 750: into Arabic, Ibn al-Muqaffa [attested] c. 1100–1200: into Hebrew, Rabbi Joel [probable] c. 1251: into Castilian [attested] 1263–1278: into Latin, John of Capua [attested] Brahmasphutasiddhanta Brahmasphutasiddhanta: composed in Sanskrit, 628 c. 771–775: into Arabic, al-Fazari, Yaqub ibn Tariq [probable] c. 820: into Arabic [attested] c. 1000: into Arabic, Maslama al-Majriti, Ibn al-Saffar [attested] 1126: into Latin, Adelard of Bath [probable] Algebra Algebra: composed in Arabic, c. 813–833 1145: into Latin, Robert of Chester [attested] c. 1150–1187: into Latin, Gerard of Cremona [attested] Canon of Medicine Canon of Medicine: composed in Arabic, c. 1012–1025 c. 1150–1187: into Latin, Gerard of Cremona [attested] 1279: into Hebrew, Nathan ha-Me'ati [attested] c. 1473: into Latin, Adolf Rusch [probable] 1593: into Arabic, Giovanni Battista Raimondi [attested] Aims of the Philosophers Aims of the Philosophers: composed in Arabic, c. 1093–1094 c. 1162–1180: into Latin, Dominicus Gundissalinus, Magister Iohannes [attested] Hayy ibn Yaqzan Hayy ibn Yaqzan: composed in Arabic, c. 1163–1184 1671: into Latin, Edward Pococke the younger, Edward Pococke the elder [attested] 1672: into Dutch, Johannes Bouwmeester [disputed] 1674: into English, George Keith [attested] 1708: into English, Simon Ockley [attested] Reclamation of the Freedom of Thought Reclamation of the Freedom of Thought: composed in German, 1793 2026: into English, Adnan Abbasi [attested] Diwan-e-Ghalib Diwan-e-Ghalib: composed in Urdu, c. 1816–1841 2026: into English, Adnan Abbasi [attested] Traité de législation Traité de législation: composed in French, 1826–1827 2026: into English, Adnan Abbasi [attested] Nouveau traité d'économie sociale Nouveau traité d'économie sociale: composed in French, 1830 2026: into English, Adnan Abbasi [attested]

    The empty stretch between 200 and 500 CE is real: late antiquity copied and commented far more than it translated. The traffic starts when empires begin paying for it.